Relación entre fibromialgia y sarcopenia: el papel del abordaje nutricional / Fibromyalgia and sarcopenia relation: the role of nutritional approach

Introducción: la fibromialgia (FM) es un síndrome caracterizado por la presencia de dolor musculoesquelético crónico y generalizado, de origen no articular, que puede llegar a ser invalidante y afectar la esfera biológica, psicológica y social del paciente. Estado del arte: no se han publicado recomendaciones nutricionales específicas para las personas con FM y también existe un vago conocimiento acerca de los parámetros relacionados con la evaluación de la composición corporal (masa musculoesquelética, masa grasa, agua corporal, etc.) y la alteración en la fuerza muscular (p. ej., dinapenia, por dinamometría de mano, flexión de la rodilla, entre otras), así como la evaluación en términos de sarcopenia. Discusión: pocos estudios publicados hasta el momento describen en profundidad la composición corporal de las personas con FM. La mayoría se centran casi exclusivamente en la descripción del peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC), por lo que existe poco conocimiento acerca de otros parámetros de relevancia, como por ejemplo aquellos relacionados con masa y fuerza muscular o masa grasa. La alimentación se menciona en varias publicaciones, pero no existen guías o pautas específicas de recomendaciones nutricionales para esta población. Algunos pacientes adoptan diversas dietas, estrategias o planes alimentarios sin ningún tipo de orientación de los profesionales de la salud, e incluso a veces, siguiendo fuentes de información no fiables, poniendo en riesgo su salud. Las publicaciones científicas no evalúan la asociación o el impacto del estado nutricional y la inadecuada alimentación en la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: en las personas con FM, conocer el estado nutricional, más allá del peso, determinando la composición corporal y la prevalencia de dinapenia o sarcopenia o ambas permitiría realizar un abordaje nutricional más adecuado. Este conocimiento podría ser coadyuvante en la terapéutica, logrando una mejoría en su desempeño físico y una mejor calidad de vida. (AU)

Introduction: fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome charcaterized by the presence of chronic, and generalized musculoskeletal pain, not articular in origin, which can become disabling and affect the biological, psychological, and social sphere of the patient. State of the art: no specific nutritional recommendations have been published for people with FM and there is also a vague knowledge regarding parameters related to body composition assessment (skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, water, etc.) and loss of muscle strength (for example, dynapenia, by handgrip, knee flexion, among others), as well as assessment in terms of sarcopenia. Discussion: there are few studies published so far that completely describe the body composition in people with FM. Most of them focus almost exclusively on weight and body mass index (BMI), so there is a lack of knowledge about other descriptive parameters, such as those related to muscle mass and strength or fat mass. Diet is mentioned in several publications, but there are no specific guidelines for nutritional recommendations for this population. Some patients follow several diets, strategies or eating plans without health care professionals' guidance, and sometimes even following unreliable sources of information, putting themselves at risk. Scientific publications do not evaluate the association or impact of nutritional status and inadequate nutrition on quality of life in FM. Conclusions: in people with FM, knowledge of the nutritional status, beyond weight, determining body composition and the prevalence of dynapenia and/or sarcopenia would allow a more accurate nutritional approach. This knowledge could be helpful for the treatment, achieving an improvement in their physical performance and a better quality of life. (AU)

Sarcopenia y su relevancia en la práctica clínica / Sarcopenia and its relevance in clinical practice

La sarcopenia se define como una combinación de baja fuerza y masa muscular con alteración funcional del músculo, que afecta a poblaciones de diferentes edades por diversos motivos. La prevalencia global en adultos mayores se ha estimado en 10% (IC 95%: 8-12%) en hombres y 10% (IC 95%: 8-13%) en mujeres. Recientemente ha cobrado importancia su detección en enfermedades reumáticas, particularmente las inflamatorias. En esta revisión narrativa hemos considerado: a) recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la sarcopenia; b) herramientas útiles para la práctica clínica y la investigación; c) su relación con las enfermedades reumáticas. Según el último Consenso Europeo de Sarcopenia la búsqueda debe comenzar cuando el paciente reporta síntomas y/o signos (debilidad, lentitud al caminar, desgaste muscular, pérdida de masa muscular, etc.). Para los adultos mayores se recomienda el cuestionario SARC-F como herramienta de tamizaje. Varias pruebas establecen los puntos de corte que deben utilizarse para diagnosticar la baja fuerza muscular, la disminución en la masa muscular y la alteración en el rendimiento físico. La relevancia de diagnosticar precozmente la sarcopenia se basa en el impacto clínico, económico y social que tiene, incluyendo la funcionalidad y calidad de vida de las personas, muy importante en aquellas con enfermedades reumatológicas.

Sarcopenia is defined as a combination of low muscle strength and mass with muscle function impairment that affects the population at different age ranges for different reasons. The global prevalence at the elderly was estimated at 10% (95% CI: 8-12%) in men and 10% (95% CI: 8-13%) in women. In recent years, the detection of sarcopenia in rheumatic diseases has become relevant. The aim of this revision was to develop a review regarding: a) recommendations for the diagnosis of sarcopenia; b) most useful tools for detection in clinical practice and research; c) relationship with some rheumatic diseases. According to the latest European Sarcopenia Consensus, in clinical practice, the search must start when the patient reports symptoms and signs (weakness, slow walking, muscle wasting, disease that leads to muscle loss, etc.). For the elderly population the SARC-F test is recommended as a screening tool. Several tests have established cut-off points to be used to diagnose low muscle strength, decrease in muscle mass or physical performance impairment. The relevance of early diagnosis of sarcopenia is based on the clinical, economic, social impact and also on functionality and quality of life in people, particularly in those with rheumatic diseases.

Prevalencia de dinapenia (disminución de la fuerza), sarcopenia y posibles biomarcadores en rehabilitación cardíaca / Prevalence of dynapenia (decreased strength), sarcopenia and possible biomarkers in cardiac rehabilitation

ntroducción: la relación entre dinapenia y sarcopenia da como resultado un aumento adicional en el riesgo de morbimortalidad en la población general, con un incremento progresivo de acuerdo con la edad. A partir de los 30 años debido a la disminución de la masa muscular y de la fuerza, se afecta la capacidad de ejercicio, la calidad de vida y el estado de ánimo. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de dinapenia y sarcopenia en los pacientes en rehabilitación cardíaca de un hospital colombiano, con mediciones de la fuerza y de los marcadores bioquímicos. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal en mayores de 40 años en rehabilitación cardíaca con controles al menos una vez por semana. La medición de la fuerza se realizó con dinamómetro de mano, la masa muscular con impedanciómetro bipolar y velocidad de la marcha con la prueba de caminata de 6 metros. Se tomaron mediciones de hormona de crecimiento (GH), testosterona libre, somatomedina IGF-1 y cortisol. Resultados: la disminución de la fuerza muscular fue prevalente en hombres (n=15, 19.4%; mujeres n=5, 10%). La prevalencia de dinapenia fue 15,7% y sarcopenia 0%. Los resultados obtenidos fueron GH 0.27 (0.08-1.18), testosterona 5.9 (0.3-8.5), IGF-1 126 (95.5-169) cortisol 13.9 (11.2-18.4). Las patologías más frecuentes de los pacientes del programa fueron infarto del miocardio, angioplastia e implantación de stent. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de dinapenia fue 15.7%. No se encontró diferencia alguna de los marcadores bioquímicos en los pacientes con y sin dinapenia.

Introduction: the relationship between dynapenia and sarcopenia results in an additional increment in the risk of morbidity and mortality in the general population, with a progressive age-associated increase. From the age of 30, exercise capacity, quality of life and mood are affected due to decreased muscle mass and strength. Objective: to determine the prevalence of dynapenia and sarcopenia in patients in cardiac rehabilitation in a Colombian hospital by measuring their muscle strength and biochemical markers. Methods: a cross-sectional study of patients over 40, in cardiac rehabilitation, attending follow-up visits at least once a week. Muscle strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer, muscle mass with bipolar impedance and walking speed with the 6-meter walking test. Growth hormone (GH), testosterone, somatomedin IGF-1 levels and control measurements were taken. Results: decrease in muscle strength was prevalent in men (n=15, 19.4%; women n=5, 10%). The prevalence of dynapenia was 15.7% and of sarcopenia 0%. The results obtained were GH 0.27 (0.08-1.18), testosterone 5.9 (0.3-8.5), IGF-1 126 (95.5-169) cortisol 13.9 (11.2-18.4). The most frequent pathological conditions of patients in the program were myocardial infarction, angioplasty and stent implantation. Conclusions: the prevalence of dynapenia was 15.7%. No difference in biochemical markers was found in patients with or without dynapenia.

Avaliação de dinapenia e associação com função tireoidiana em idosos da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade ­ UATI / Evaluation of dynapenia and association with thyroid function in elderly at the Open University of the Elderly ­ UATI

Introdução: o presente artigo analisou e avaliou a prevalência de dinapenia em associação da idade dos Hormônio Estimulador da tireoide (TSH) e T3 em idosos da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade ­ UATI. A tireoide produz e secreta os hormônios triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4), responsáveis por controlar o metabolismo celular. O termo dinapenia tem sido utilizado para descrever a diminuição da força muscular relacionada à idade separando desta forma, a dinapenia da redução da massa muscular. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal que investigou 63 mulheres com idade entre 60 e 95 anos, resultando numa idade média das participantes foi de 69,6 anos, não institucionalizadas, matriculados no projeto "Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade (UATI)", da Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB). A força de preensão palmar (FPP) foi avaliada em quilograma (kg), por meio do dinamômetro digital manual da marca INSTRUTHERM. Resultados: foram diagnosticados com dinapenia as pacientes que possuíram a FPP inferior a 20 kg. Descobriu-se que 23 idosas (36,51%) foram diagnosticadas com dinapenia. A correlação entre as variáveis TSH e dinapenia foi positiva e fraca Spearman=0.17 (p-valor= 0.22). Assim, a relação entre o FPP e a idade não parece ser linear possuindo uma correlação negativa e fraca: Spearman= -0.11 (p-valor= 0.39). Conclusão: o nível sérico de TSH e idade não tiveram associação significativa com a presença de dinapenia. Houve associação entre T3 sérico e dinapenia, porém não é possível identificar em qual quartil está essa associação.

Introduction: this article analyzed and evaluated the prevalence of dynapenia in association with the age of thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) and T3 in the elderly at Universidade Aberta do Idoso ­ UATI. The thyroid produces and secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) responsible for the control of cellular metabolism. The term dynapenia has been used to describe the decrease in muscle strength related to age, separating dynapenia from the reduction of muscle mass. Methodology: this is a cross-sectional study that investigated 63 women between 60 and 95 years old, resulting in an average age of participants of 69.6 years old, non-institutionalized, registered in the project the Open University Of The Elderly (UATI)", of Bahia State University (UNEB). The Hand Grip Strength (HGS) was measured in kilograms (kg), using the INSTRUTHERM manual digital dynamometer. Results: patients with FPP less than 20 kg were diagnosed with dynapenia. It was found that 23 elderly women (36.51%) were diagnosed with dynapenia. The correlation between TSH and dynapenia variables was positive and weak Spearman = 0.17 (p-value = 0.22). Thus, the relationship between (FPP) and age does not appear to be linear with a weak and negative correlation: Spearman = -0.11 (p-value = 0.39). Conclusion: the serum TSH level and age had no significant association with the presence of dynapenia. There was an association between(T3) and serum dinapenia, but it is not possible to identify in which quartile this association is found.

Comparação de diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido na força muscular em idosos / Comparison of different protocols of resisted training in muscle force in elderly / Comparación de diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza en fuerza muscular en ancianos

Comparar o efeito de diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido na dinapenia em idosos. Método: A amostra constituiu de sujeitos com idade igual ou superior 60 anos, voluntários, de ambos os sexos, os voluntários foram submetidos a dois programas diferentes de treinamento de força, um programa com variações de cargas ondulatório e outro com variações de cargas lineares. Após 12 semanas foi realizado teste de força de preensão palmar nos dois grupos que realizaram os protocolos de treinamento de força e um grupo controle. Para as comparações entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de ANOVA. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados mostraram o que? para ambos os grupos em comparação ao controle, no entanto, sem diferença significativa entre eles. Conclusão: Conclui-se desta forma que ambos os modelos de periodização foram eficientes para gerar aumento de força em idosos saudáveis.

To compare the effect of different resistance training protocols on dinapenia in the elderly. Method: The sample consisted of subjects aged 60 years or older, volunteers, of both sexes, the volunteers were submitted to two different strength training programs, one with variations in wave loads and another with variations in linear loads. After 12 weeks, a handgrip strength test was performed in the two groups that performed the strength training protocols and a control group. For comparisons between groups, the ANOVA test was used. Results: The results found showed for both groups in comparison to the control, however, with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: It is concluded that both periodization models were efficient to generate increased strength in healthy elderly

Comparar el efecto de diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la dinapenia en ancianos. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por sujetos de 60 años o más, voluntarios, de ambos sexos, los voluntarios fueron sometidos a dos programas de entrenamiento de fuerza diferentes, uno con variaciones en las cargas de oleaje y otro con variaciones en las cargas lineales. Después de 12 semanas, se realizó una prueba de fuerza de agarre manual en los dos grupos que realizaron los protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza y un grupo de control. Para las comparaciones entre grupos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA. Resultados: Los resultados encontrados mostraron para ambos grupos en comparación con el control, sin embargo, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Conclusión: Se concluye que ambos modelos de periodización fueron eficientes para generar mayor fuerza en ancianos sanos

Prevalência e fatores associados à sarcopenia, dinapenia e sarcodinapenia em idosos residentes no Município de São Paulo - Estudo SABE / Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcodynapenia in community-dwelling elderly in São Paulo - SABE Study

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à sarcopenia, dinapenia e sarcodinapenia em idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional envolvendo 1.168 idosos pertencentes à terceira onda do Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento), em 2010. Foramconsiderados sarcopênicos os idosos com índice de massa muscular esquelética ≤ 8,90 kg/m2 para homens e ≤6,37 kg/m2 para mulheres, dinapênicos aqueles com força de preensão manual < 30 kg para homens e < 20kg para mulheres, e sarcodinapênicos aqueles que apresentavam sarcopenia associada à dinapenia. Características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, condições clínicas, nutricionais e bioquímicas foram consideradas para determinar os fatores associados a cada uma das três condições por meio de regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia, dinapenia e sarcodinapenia foi, respectivamente, 4,8% (IC95% 3,6-6,3), 30,9% (IC95% 27,5-34,6) e 9,0% (IC95% 7,2-11,3). O avanço da idade e a desnutrição foram associados às três condições analisadas. O prejuízo cognitivo foi associado à dinapenia e à sarcodinapenia. A escolaridade, ter o hábito de fumar e não ter vida conjugal foram associados à sarcopenia, enquanto osteoartrite, escolaridade, ser ex-fumante e apresentar valores baixos de hemoglobina foram associados à dinapenia. Foram associados à sarcodinapenia o hábito de fumar e o risco de desnutrição. Conclusão: Dinapenia é a condição mais prevalente na população idosa, seguida pela sarcodinapenia e sarcopenia. Exceto por idade, escolaridade e desnutrição, os fatores associados à sarcopenia e à dinapenia são distintos. Entretanto, há similaridades em algumas associações quando se trata da presença de sarcodinapenia.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcodynapenia and associated factors in older adults in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,168 older adults who participated in the third wave of the Health, Well-being, and Aging study in 2010 (SABE study). Men and women with skeletal muscle mass ≤ 8.90 and ≤ 6.37 kg/m2, respectively, were considered sarcopenic. Men and women with grip strength < 30 and < 20 kg, respectively, were considered dynapenic. Those with both conditions were considered sarcodynapenic. Sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, nutritional, and biochemical characteristics were investigated as factors associated with each of the three conditions using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Theprevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcodynapenia was 4.8% (95%CI 3.6 - 6.3), 30.9% (95%CI 27.5 - 34.6) and 9.0% (95%CI 7.2-11.3), respectively. An increase in age and malnutrition was associated with all the three conditions. Cognitive impairment was associated with both dynapenia and sarcodynapenia. Schooling, current smoking habit, and not having a marital life were associated with sarcopenia. Osteoarthritis, schooling, being an ex-smoker, and low hemoglobin were associated with dynapenia. Smoking habit and the risk of malnutrition were associated with sarcodynapenia. Conclusion: Dynapenia is more prevalent among older adults, followed by sarcodynapenia, and sarcopenia. With the exception of age, schooling, and malnutrition, the factors associated with sarcopenia and dynapenia are different. However, there are similarities in some associations regarding the presence of sarcodynapenia.